Roots of Europe Summer School, Schedule and preparatory literature

Monday, 25 July

10 AM – 11 AM: : Welcoming session; introduction

 Prof. Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) (University of Copenhagen)

11 AM – 1 PM: The ideological impact of the Indo-European hypothesis

Dr. Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead (University of Copenhagen)

Abstract

The realization that most of the European languages were related to a number of exotic, Asiatic languages had a profound impact on the way the learned society thought of language, race and nation. This subject was widely debated throughout Enlightenment and Romanticism, only to become taboo after the second World War.

The class gives an overview of different ideological responses to the discovery of the Indo-European family of languages.

Literature

Herder, J. G. v. 1793–7 [2002]. "Letters for the advancement of Humanity – tenth collection. [Letter] 114". Pp. 380-383. In Herder: Philosophical writings. Translated and edited by Michael N Forster. M. N. Forster. Cambridge: CUP. http://ebooks.cambridge.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139164634 

Note: Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803) was a German cultural and literary critic, philosopher and philologist, born in the Kindgom of Prussia. A polyglot and a cosmopolitan, he was one of the most influential characters of the Age of Enlightenment. He was also an enthusiastic propagator of a unified Germany.

Müller, F. M. 1854. "The last results of the researches respecting the non-Iranian and non-Semitic languages of Asia or Europe, or the Turanian family of language". In Christianity and Mankind, their beginnings and prospects. C. C. J. von Bunsen. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. 3: 263–487. Pp. 473–487. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnu78c;view=1up;seq=517

Note: Friedrich Max Müller (1823–1900) was a German-born Oxford professor of Modern Languages and Comparative Philology. He was known, and genuinely famous, as the greatest Oriental scholar of his day; he worked extensively on the history of religion.

Müller divided the world’s languages into three major groups:

    1. The Semitic languages, traditionally named after Noah’s first-born son Shem.
    2. The Turanic ones, named after Tur, who, according to Persian folklore, was the father of the Turkic peoples. Tur was, at the time, identified as Ham, Noah’s second son. Müller’s Turanic language family contained a number of languages now considered unrelated.
    3. The Aryan or Indo-European ones, sometimes labelled Japhetic after Noah’s youngest son, Japheth.

Chamberlain, H. S. 1910. Foundations of the XIXth Century 2. London: Ballantine & co. Pp. 187–200. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000047573245;view=1up;seq=203

Note: Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927) was a British-born political philosopher. Raised mainly in France and Italy, he became a German citizen in 1916; he had married Eva von Bülow-Wagner, daughter of the composer Richard Wagner, in 1909.

Chamberlain believed the Germanic, Celtic and Slavic peoples were related in a ”Teutonic race”. His Foundations of the 19th century is an extollment of the virtues of that alleged race; it became hugely influential on Adolf Hitler and Nazi ideology.

2 PM – 5 PM: Basic concepts in genetics; introduction to ancient DNA

Dr. Joseph Lorenz (Central Washington University)

Abstract

This module will present a survey of the field of genetics including a review of Mendelian principles of inheritance, the molecular basis of the transmission and expression of traits, and the evolutionary consequences of genetic changes over time. We will also discuss the history of the study of human genetic variation and how that has changed with advances in technology.

Literature

6 PM – 8 PM: Welcome reception

Tuesday, 26 July

10 AM – 1 PM: Basic concepts in archaeology

Dr. Andreas Bonde Hansen (University College Sjælland)

Literature

Renfrew, Colin & Bahn, Paul. (2012): Archaeology – Theories, Methods and Practice (6th edition). Thames & Hudson:

- The Three Age System (pp. 26-28)
- Formation processes (pp. 52-55)
- Dating methods and chronology (pp. 121-147)
- Isotopic methods (pp. 302-305)
- Discovering the sources (pp. 355-363)
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

2 PM – 5 PM: Fundamentals of linguistic reconstruction; introduction to palaeolinguistics

Dr. Thomas Olander (University of Copenhagen)
Prof. Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) (University of Copenhagen)

Literature

Hans Henrich Hock & Brian D. Joseph. 1996. ”Historical linguistics, history, and prehistory: Linguistic paleontology and other applications of our methods.” In Language history, language change, and language relationship: An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 93), 477–509. Berlin: Mouton. (Second revised edition, 2009.) http://www.degruyter.com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/dg/viewbooktoc.chapterlist.resultlinks.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fbooks$002f9783110214307$002f9783110214307.477$002f9783110214307.477.pdf/9783110214307.477.pdf?t:ac=product/40589

Michael Weiss. 2015. The comparative method. In Claire Bowern & Bethwyn Evans (eds.), The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics, 127–145. Oxon & New York: Routledge. https://www.academia.edu/9535884/The_Comparative_Method

Wednesday, 27 July

10 AM – 1 PM: The Indo-European languages

Dr. Oliver Simkin (University of Cambridge)

Abstract

With almost 450 living languages and many others that are now extinct, Indo-European is one of the world’s larger language families, and in terms of total number of speakers it is by far the largest. It is also the best-studied language family in the world: the entire science of historical linguistics was born from the study of Indo-European languages. However, there is still intense debate and disagreement about the relationships between the individual languages and sub-branches – in other words, the structure of the Indo-European ‘family tree’.

This session gives an overview of the various subgroups which make up the Indo-European family, and presents the latest thinking on their history and development.

Literature

Clackson, J. 2007. Indo-European linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 1: pp. 1-26. http://httebooks.cambridge.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808616&cid=CBO9780511808616A009&tabName=Chapter

2 PM – 5 PM: Proto-Indo-European family structures

Dr. Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead (University of Copenhagen)
Prof. Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) (University of Copenhagen)

Literature

Hettrich, Heinrich (1985) ”Indo-European kinship terminology in linguistics and anthroplogy”. Anthropological linguistics 27,4, pp. 453–480. http://www.jstor.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/stable/30028080?seq=1 - page_scan_tab_contents

Adams, Douglas Q. & James Mallory (1997): Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Kinship: pp. 332–335. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

Thursday, 28 July

10 AM – 1 PM: Computer-simulated models and statistical methods in language reconstruction

Jurgen van den Heuvel, MSc. Eng.

Abstract

Linguistic phylogenetics is the study of establishing language trees. This can be done using traditional methods of historical linguistics, but in more recent years also quantitative approaches have gained in popularity. The latter uses statiscal data analysis tools that have been used successfully in evolutionary biology.

This class will discuss the principal mathematical-statistic models for linguistic phylogenetics. Topics will include: benefits and drawbacks of using a model-based approach, model concepts, the type of linguistic data used, how the data is processed, and how the results can be interpreted. No prior knowledge of mathematical models or statistics is needed.

Literature

Dunn, M. (2015). ”Language Phylogenies” In: Bowern, C. and Evans, B (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, (Chapter 7, pp. 190-211). Routledge. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

2 PM – 3 PM: Introduction to substrate method

Dr. Guus Kroonen (University of Copenhagen)

Literature

Jeffers, R. J. & I. Lehiste. 1986. Principles and methods for historical linguistics. Cambridge, MA/London, UK: MIT. Chapter 9: pp. 139–159. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

3 PM – 5 PM: Pre-Indo-European languages and cultures of southern Europe

Dr. Oliver Simkin (University of Cambridge)

Abstract

What languages did Europeans speak before the Indo-European family spread across the region? The only surviving Pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe is Basque, but there are also thousands of ancient inscriptions in various other non-Indo-European languages. With the help of these documents from the Minoan palaces of Bronze Age Crete, the Etruscan towns of Iron Age Italy and the Iberian trading ports of the Catalan coast, we can learn more about the languages of these lost civilisations of early Europe.

Literature

Clackson, J. 2015. Language and society in the Greek and Roman worlds. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 1: The linguistic ecology of the Mediterranean. Pp. 1–32. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139047944&cid=CBO9781139047944A010&tabName=Chapter

Friday, 29 July

10 AM – 1 PM: The introduction of Indo-European in the later South Scandinavian Neolithic

Dr. Guus Kroonen (University of Copenhagen)
Dr. Rune Iversen (University of Copenhagen)

Abstract

Language is an important part of human self-perception and a creator of identity among human groups – also in prehistory. Therefore, language is an important factor when trying to understand cultural change in prehistory. Northern Europe is a region that saw profound cultural changes in the early third millennium B.C.E. In southern Scandinavia the first agrarian culture, the Funnel Beaker culture, came to an end overlapping with the emergence of “sub-Neolithic” Pitted Ware influences that reached the northern and eastern coastal areas of present-day Denmark from the Scandinavian Peninsula. From around 2850 B.C.E early Corded Ware (Single Grave) societies appeared on the Jutland Peninsula introducing among other things new burial customs, new pottery shapes, new amber ornaments, and new types of stone battle-axes.

The third millennium B.C.E was, no doubt, a period of great material and cultural changes and language must not be ignored when considering these. Instead, language must be viewed and treated as a deeply integrated part and facilitator of the transmission of new ideas, cultural processes and subsistence economic and material culture changes. This lecture draws on evidence of change in both material culture and in language that took place in the third millennium B.C.E and combines these evidences into a unified hypothesis on when and how Indo-European language was introduced into northern Europe and southern Scandinavia. After being introduced together with Corded Ware features in central and western Jutland it seems that the implementation of Indo-European happened gradually via long-term cultural transformation processes.

However, in order to understand the cultural and linguistic processes that allowed the introduction of an entirely new language family it is important also to consider the long gone predecessor of Indo-European. This extinct language we refer to as “Proto-Neolithic”. Did this unknown language for instance contribute to the new Indo-European language family that was to form the basis for the vast majority of modern European languages? One further aspect is where we should place the language spoken by the Pitted Ware people and furthermore if it had any impact on the larger language development. Do we still carry relicts with us in modern Germanic that can be traced down to the Proto-Neolithic language spoken by the Funnel Beaker farmers – and perhaps even also elements of a Pitted Ware language?

Literature

Haak et al. (2015), ”Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe.” https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7555/full/nature14317.html

Allentoft et al. (2015), ”Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia.”

https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7555/full/nature14507.html

Iversen, Rune (2015) ”Creolization processes in the late south Scandinavian Neolithic” In: Brink, K., S. Hydén, K. Jennbert, L. Larsson & D. Olausson, Eds). 2015. Neolithic diversities. Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Lund: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History.

https://www.academia.edu/17028761/Creolization_processes_in_the_later_south_Scandinavian_Neolithic._An_approach_to_cultural_heterogeneity

2 PM – 5 PM: Uralic languages and cultures; linguistic contacts in northern Europe

Dr. Adam Hyllested (University of Copenhagen)

Literature

To be announced.

Saturday, 30 July

10 AM: Excursion to Sagnlandet Lejre

11 AM – 1 PM: Indo-European textiles – technology and terminology

Prof. Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) (University of Copenhagen)

Literature

Barber, E. J. W, 1940- Prehistoric textiles, the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean. Chap. 1, pp. 9–38 https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

2 PM – 4 PM: Mobility, pastoralism, and social change in Eurasian steppe lifeways, 4500–900 BCE

Dr. James Alan Johnson (Universities of Chicago and Copenhagen)

Abstract

This lecture critically explores many of the major socio-cultural developments of the Eurasian steppe from the late Neolithic (Chalcolithic) to the end of the Late Bronze Age, spanning nearly 4000 years. Some of the topics covered include: urbanism, migration, metallurgy, conflict, and the adoption of mobile pastoralism. More importantly, this lecture is meant to give a broad review and the necessary background needed to think critically and empirically about the connection between archaeological evidence and its connection to the spread of language.

Literature

Anthony, D. 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Ch. 16. http://quod.lib.umich.edu.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;rgn=full text;idno=heb30937.0001.001;didno=heb30937.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000424;node=heb30937.0001.001%3A4.10

Frachetti, M. 2012. ”Multiregional Emergence of Mobile Pastoralism and Nonuniform Institutional Complexity.” Current Anthropology 53(1): 2–38. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=e4eae803-4390-4681-804c-5e55a36fa62d%40sessionmgr102&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== - AN=71100777&db=sih

Hanks, B. 2010. ”Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 469–486. http://www.jstor.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/stable/25735123?seq=1 - page_scan_tab_contents

Kohl, P. 2007. The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 2. http://site.ebrary.com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/lib/royallibrary/reader.action?docID=10160698&ppg=49

Suggested further reading

Anthony, D. 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Ch. 15. http://quod.lib.umich.edu.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;rgn=full%20text;idno=heb30937.0001.001;didno=heb30937.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000383;node=heb30937.0001.001%3A4.9

4 PM – 8 PM: “Stone-age gourmet” food workshop.

Participants learn to create a meal using tools, techniques and ingredients of the Ertebølle era.

Monday, 1 August

10 AM – 12 PM: Introduction to ancient DNA; Bronze Age population genomics of Eurasia

Dr. Morten E Allentoft (Natural History Museum of Denmark)

Willerslev and Cooper (2005): ”Ancient DNA” http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1558/3

Hofreiter et al. (2015): ”The future of ancient DNA: Technical advances and conceptual shifts.” https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201400160/abstract 

Sarkissian et al. (2015): ”Ancient genomics.” http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1660/20130387.full.pdf

Stoneking and Krause (2011): ”Learning about human population history from ancient and modern genomes.” https://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v12/n9/full/nrg3029.html

Allentoft (2013): ”Recovering samples for ancient DNA research - guidelines for the field archaeologist” http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/allentoft338/

Allentoft et al. (2015), ”Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia.” https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7555/full/nature14507.html

2 PM – 5 PM: Indo-European expansions to the east and west and archaeological correlations

Prof. David W. Anthony (Hartwick College)

Anthony, David W. and Don Ringe, 2015, “The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives.” Annual Review of Linguistics 1: 199-219. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

Anthony, David W., 2013, “Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism. Journal of Language Relationship (Moscow) (9): 1-22. http://www.jolr.ru/files/(104)jlr2013-9(1-21).pdf

Tuesday, 2 August

10 AM – 3 PM: TBA

3 PM – 5 PM: Recent genetic evidence in favour of the Indo-European Steppe Hypothesis

Prof. David W. Anthony (Hartwick College)

Literature

Haak, Wolfgang et al., 2015, “Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe,” Nature 522 (7555): 207-211. http://e-tidsskrifter.kb.dk.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/go/5127151?umlaut.locale=da (in Rex, click online adgang)

Allentoft, M.E., et al., 2015, “Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia,” Nature 522(7555): 167-172. http://e-tidsskrifter.kb.dk.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/go/5127183?umlaut.locale=da

Anthony (unpublished): “Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics: first impressions from new data,” David W. Anthony & Dorcas R. Brown. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

5 PM – 7 PM: Pizza & soft drinks

Participants are invited to a free meal

6 PM – 8 PM: The Indo-European homeland problem: Current solutions

Dr. Asya Pereltsvaig (on a Skype connection)

Abstract

An examination of the two main models of Indo-European origins and dispersals: the Anatolian and the steppe models.

Literature

Pereltsvaig, Asya & Martin W Lewis (1914). The Indo-European controversy: Facts and fallacies in historical linguistics. Chapter 9, pp. 182–207 http://ebooks.cambridge.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781107294332&cid=CBO9781107294332A022&tabName=Chapter

Mallory, James P. (2013) ”Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands.” Journal of Language Relationship 9: 145–154 http://www.jolr.ru/files/(112)jlr2013-9(145-154).pdf

Wednesday, 3 August

10 AM – 1 PM: Cultures and migrations of prehistoric Europe

Prof. Kristian Kristiansen (University of Gothenburg)

Literature

Frei, K. M., U. Mannering, K. Kristiansen, M. E. Allentoft, A. S. Wilson, I. Skals, S. Tridico, M. L. Nosch, E. Willerslev, L. Clarke & R. Frei. 2014. "Tracing the dynamic life story of a Bronze Age Female." Scientific Reports 5 (10431). https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10431

Kristiansen, K. 1989. "Prehistoric migrations—the case of the Single grave and Corded Ware cultures." Journal of Danish Archaeology 8(1): 211—225. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0108464X.1989.10590029

Kristiansen, K. 2012. "The Bronze Age expansion of Indo-European languages: an archaeological model". In Becoming European. The transformation of third millennium Northern and Western Europe. C. Prescott & H. Glørstad. Oxford: Oxbow: 165–181. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

Waldren, P. 2015. "Bronze Age go girl." Today's Science. http://the-rise.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/bronze-age-go-.pdf

2 PM – 5 PM: Anatolian and Indo-European – language relations in time and space

Tobias Mosbæk Søborg, MA

Abstract

The discovery of Hittite and the other Anatolian languages a century ago was in many ways a turning point in Indo-European studies, providing the field with the earliest attestation of an Indo-European language anywhere, and in a theretofore unexpected area in the Near East. This “new” branch of Indo-European is still a gold mine for linguists and a field where new and important discoveries are regularly made to this day.

Anatolian has proved to be especially important since it is now recognized by many, if not most, linguists to have been the first branch to split off from the Indo-European family – a theory first proposed as the “Indo-Hittite hypothesis” by Edgar Sturtevant shortly after the discovery of Hittite. This, of course, has enormous implications not only for the reconstruction of the proto-language but also for the search for the Indo-European homeland.

This module will give a general introduction to the Anatolian languages and their historical environments along with a look into the relationship with the rest of the Indo-European family. We will look at some of the distinguishing features of Anatolian and further discuss the different theories on the Indo-European homeland in light of the position of Anatolian, especially since one of the theories places the homeland precisely in Anatolia. 

Literature

Clackson, J. 2007. Indo-European linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge: CUP. Chapter 1: pp. 1-26 http://ebooks.cambridge.org.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808616&cid=CBO9780511808616A009&tabName=Chapter

Thursday, 4 August

10 AM – 1 PM: The Indo-Europeanization of Europe

Prof. Kristian Kristiansen (University of Gothenburg)

2 PM – 5 PM: Material traditions and practices in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian steppe cultural groups

Dr. James Alan Johnson (Universities of Chicago and Copenhagen)

Abstract

This lecture examines the material traditions of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian steppe. In particular, ceramics and metallurgy are investigated in terms of histories of craft production and consumption, symbolic usage, and notions of "wealth". We will focus on the important role of material culture in defining cultural identities and migration. One concept that we will also venture into is materiality - the production of meaning associated with the production and use of material culture. One question that we will explore is - how might the notion of materiality help tease out information regarding the connections between identity and movement.

Literature

Doonan, R., B. Hanks, D. Zdanovich, E. Kupriyanova, D. Pitman, N. Batanina & J. Johnson. 2014. ” Metals, Society, and Economy in the Late Prehistoric Eurasian Steppe.” In Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective, (eds) B. Roberts and C. Thorton. New York: Springer. Ch. 26, pp. 755–784. http://link.springer.com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-9017-3_26

Johnson, J. 2014. Community Matters? Investigating Social Complexity through Centralization and Differentiation in Bronze Age Pastoral Societies of the Southern Urals, Russian Federation, 2100-900 BCE. Unpublished Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. Ch. 6 pp. 121–158. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/23434/

Suggested further reading

Gosselain, O. 1998. ”Social and Technical Identity in a Clay Crystal Ball.” In The Archaeology of Social Boundaries, (ed) M. Stark. Washington DC.: Smithsonian Institution. Ch. 4.

Rhyzov, S. 2012 ”Tripolian Pottery of the Giant Settlements: Characteristics and Typology.” In The Tripolye Culture. Giant settlements in Ukraine: Formation, development, and decline, F. Menotti and A. Korvin-Piotrovskiy (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ch. 6.

Friday, 5 August

10 AM – 1 PM: Indo-European religion

Prof. Peter Jackson (University of Stockholm)

Abstract

The lecture will fall into three major parts: I begin by discussing trends and changes in the study of IE religion since the 19th century. In this section, particular regard is paid to Georges Dumézil's (1898-1986) structural approach, the critique of Dumézil, and Calvert Watkins' (1933-2013) contributions to IE mythology and poetics. In the intermediary section, I give a general overview of the hereditary religious vocabulary, divine onomastics, and religio-poetic formulae on the basis of a recent work in progress. In the final section, I discuss two overlapping key themes in Indo-European religions on the basis of two recent articles, that of 1) hostility and hospitality, and 2) client patron relations.

For the final discussion, the students should especially consider the overlaps between guest-host relations and patron-client relations, and in what ways such relations (+ their overlaps) have informed religious thought and action in Indo-European societies.

Literature

General background reading: Fortson, B. (2011) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Pp. 22-35 (Religion, Ritual, and Myth; Poetics; Personal Names) https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

On Georges Dumézil and controversies of interpretation: Allen, N.J. (1992). “Debating Dumézil: Recent Studies in Comparative Mythology.” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 24/2, 119-131. http://www.isca.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ISCA/JASO/Archive_1993/24_2_Allen.pdf 

Themes in Indo-European religion: Jackson, P. (2015). “Themes of Commensality in Indo-European Lore: A propos Greek xénos and Proto-Germanic *etuna-”, in Melchert et al eds. Munus amicitiae. Norbert Oettinger a collegis et amicis dicatum. Ann Arbor/New York: Beech Stave Press, 92-100.https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0 

Themes in Indo-European religion: Jackson, P. (2014). “A Song Worth Fifty Cows: Graeco-Indo-Iranian Variations on the Etiology of Sacrifice”, Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 68/1, 101-118. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/116uq1wl40z29jq/AABeXfkyBU3FAEU7UbOLA5_0a?dl=0

2 PM – 5 PM: Q&A and celebration (all)

Saturday, 6 August

12 PM: Announcement of exAM: question

Sunday, 7 August

12 PM: Submission of exAM: essay